Gum disease, also known as periodontitis, is one of the most common dental conditions in adults. It is a chronic bacterial infection that attacks the gums, connective tissue and bone that support the teeth. Without treatment, periodontitis can lead to loose teeth and eventually tooth loss. The good news is that gum disease can be treated effectively, especially when detected early.
Gingivitis — the early stage
Gum disease begins as gingivitis, which is inflammation of the gums caused by a build-up of plaque (bacterial film) along the gum line. Gingivitis is the mildest form of gum disease and is completely reversible with good oral hygiene and professional cleaning.
Common signs of gingivitis include:
- Red, swollen gums
- Gums that bleed easily when brushing or flossing
- Mild tenderness in the gums
If gingivitis is not treated, it can progress to periodontitis, where the inflammation spreads deeper and begins to destroy the supporting structures around the teeth.
Symptoms of gum disease
Periodontitis often develops slowly and can be painless in the early stages. Be aware of the following warning signs:
- Gums that bleed when brushing, flossing or eating
- Red, swollen or tender gums
- Receding gums (teeth appear longer)
- Persistent bad breath or a bad taste in the mouth
- Loose teeth or teeth that have shifted position
- Pus between teeth and gums
- Changes in how your teeth fit together when you bite
- Pain when chewing
Advice for healthy gums
Good oral hygiene is the foundation for preventing and managing gum disease:
- Brush twice daily: Use a soft toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste. Brush for at least 2 minutes, paying special attention to the gum line.
- Clean between teeth daily: Use dental floss or interdental brushes to remove plaque between the teeth where the toothbrush cannot reach.
- Regular dental check-ups: Visit the dentist at least once a year for examination and professional cleaning.
- Stop smoking: Smoking is one of the biggest risk factors for gum disease and significantly reduces treatment outcomes.
Professional treatment
Treatment of gum disease at the dentist typically involves:
- Scaling and root planing: A deep cleaning procedure where the dentist or dental hygienist removes tartar and bacteria from below the gum line and smooths the root surfaces. This helps the gums reattach to the teeth.
- Regular maintenance: After initial treatment, regular follow-up appointments are essential to keep the disease under control. Most patients need professional cleaning every 3-6 months.
- Surgical treatment: In advanced cases, gum surgery may be necessary to access deep pockets, regenerate lost bone or reshape the gums.
Available appointments
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Helfo and pricing
Treatment for periodontitis may be partially covered by Helfo (the Norwegian Health Economics Administration). Patients with documented periodontitis can receive a refund for part of the treatment costs. The dentist can help you with the necessary documentation and application.
Typical prices for periodontal treatment:
- Periodontal examination and assessment: 799,-
- Periodontal treatment (per session): 675,-
See our complete price list for more information.
Frequently asked questions
Can stress cause gum disease?
Yes, stress can be a contributing factor. Chronic stress weakens the immune system, making the body less able to fight off the bacterial infections that cause gum disease. Stress can also lead to teeth grinding and poor oral hygiene habits, which further increase the risk.
What about receding gums?
Receding gums are a common sign of gum disease but can also be caused by aggressive brushing, teeth grinding or genetics. When gums recede, the tooth roots become exposed, leading to sensitivity and an increased risk of root cavities. Treatment may include deep cleaning, gum grafting or addressing the underlying cause.
Can gum disease affect my appearance?
Yes, advanced gum disease can affect the appearance of your smile. Receding gums can make teeth look longer, and tooth loss can change the structure of your face. Early treatment can prevent these aesthetic consequences.
Why do my gums bleed?
Bleeding gums are usually a sign of gingivitis or periodontitis. The bleeding occurs because the gums are inflamed and irritated by bacteria in plaque. While occasional bleeding can occur, regular bleeding when brushing or flossing should be evaluated by a dentist.
Can gum disease be cured?
Gingivitis can be completely reversed with proper treatment and good oral hygiene. Periodontitis, however, is a chronic condition that can be controlled but not fully cured. With proper treatment and ongoing maintenance, the disease can be stabilised, preventing further bone loss and tooth loss.
Is gum disease hereditary?
Research shows that genetics can play a role in the susceptibility to gum disease. Some people are genetically more prone to developing periodontitis, even with good oral hygiene. However, genetic predisposition does not mean the disease is inevitable — good oral care and regular dental visits can significantly reduce the risk.
View infographic — Gum disease symptoms
