Tooth sensitivity is a common problem that can range from mild discomfort to sharp, intense pain. Sensitivity typically occurs when eating or drinking something hot, cold, sweet, or acidic. Understanding the causes can help you find the right treatment and relief.
What triggers sensitive teeth?
Sensitive teeth react to stimuli that normally would not cause discomfort. Common triggers include:
- Cold drinks and ice cream
- Hot drinks like coffee and tea
- Sweet or acidic food and drinks
- Cold air when breathing through your mouth
- Brushing your teeth
Causes of tooth sensitivity
There are several reasons why teeth become sensitive. The most common causes are:
Sensitive tooth necks
When the gums recede, the tooth root becomes exposed. The root is not protected by enamel and contains tiny tubules that lead directly to the nerve. This means that hot, cold, and sweet stimuli can reach the nerve more easily, causing pain. Gum recession can be caused by aggressive brushing, gum disease, or natural aging.
Acid damage
Frequent consumption of acidic foods and drinks — such as citrus fruits, soft drinks, and wine — can erode the tooth enamel over time (read more about acid damage). As the enamel becomes thinner, the underlying dentin is exposed, leading to increased sensitivity.
Worn teeth
Teeth grinding (bruxism), an incorrect bite, or aggressive brushing with a hard toothbrush can wear down the tooth enamel. Once the enamel is worn through, the dentin underneath becomes exposed and the teeth become sensitive.
Sensitivity after dental treatment
It is normal to experience some tooth sensitivity after dental procedures such as fillings, crowns, or teeth whitening. This sensitivity is usually temporary and subsides within a few days to weeks. If the sensitivity persists or worsens, contact your dentist for a follow-up evaluation.
Treatment of sensitive teeth
The treatment depends on the underlying cause of your sensitivity. Common approaches include:
- Desensitizing toothpaste: Contains compounds that help block the transmission of sensation from the tooth surface to the nerve.
- Fluoride treatment: The dentist can apply fluoride to the sensitive areas to strengthen enamel and reduce pain.
- Bonding or filling: If the root surface is exposed, the dentist can apply a bonding resin to the sensitive root surfaces.
- Gum graft: If gum recession is severe, a surgical gum graft can protect the root and reduce sensitivity.
- Bite splint: If teeth grinding is the cause, a bite splint can protect your teeth from further wear.
Teeth whitening and sensitivity
Teeth whitening can cause temporary sensitivity, both during and after treatment. This is a common and usually harmless side effect. The sensitivity typically disappears within a few days after the whitening treatment is completed. If you already have sensitive teeth, inform your dentist before whitening so they can take extra precautions to minimize discomfort.